Making Music with Water

Have you ever tried making music with glasses or bottles filled with water? I bet you favourite band hasn't. Experiment with your own special sounds by turning glasses of water into instruments, make some cool music and find out how it works.

What you'll need: 5 or more drinking glasses or glass bottles Water Wooden stick such as a pencil Instructions: Line the glasses up next to each other and fill them with different amounts of water. The first should have just a little water while the last should almost full, the ones in between should have slightly more than the last. Hit the glass with the least amount of water and observe the sound, then hit the glass with the most water, which makes the higher sound? Hit the other glasses and see what noise they make, see if you can get a tune going by hitting the glasses in a certain order. What's happening? Each of the glasses will have a different tone when hit with the pencil, the glass with the most water will have the lowest tone while the glass with the least water will have the highest. Small vibrations are made when you hit the glass, this creates sound waves which travel through the water. More water means slower vibrations and a deeper tone.

Make a Crystal Snowflake!

What you'll need:

• String
• Wide mouth jar
• White pipe cleaners
• Blue food coloring (optional)
• Boiling water (take care or better still get an adult to help)
• Borax
• Small wooden rod or pencil

Instructions:

1. Grab a white pipe cleaner and cut it into three sections of the same size.  Twist these sections together in the center so that you now have a shape that looks something like a six-sided star. Make sure the points of your shape are even by trimming them to the same length.
2. Take the top of one of the pipe cleaners and attach another piece of string to it. Tie the opposite end to your small wooden rod or pencil. You will use this to hang your completed snowflake.
3. Carefully fill the jar with boiling water (you might want to get an adult to help with this part).
4. For each cup of water add three tablespoons of borax, adding one tablespoon at a time. Stir until the mixture is dissolved but don’t worry if some of the borax settles at the base of the jar.
5. Add some of the optional blue food coloring if you'd like to give your snowflake a nice bluish tinge.
6. Put the pipe cleaner snowflake into the jar so that the small wooden rod or pencil is resting on the edge of the jar and the snowflake is sitting freely in the borax solution.
7. Leave the snowflake overnight and when you return in the morning you will find the snowflake covered in crystals! It makes a great decoration that you can show your friends or hang somewhere in your house.

What's happening?

Crystals are made up of molecules arranged in a repeating pattern that extends in all three dimensions. Borax is also known as sodium borate, it is usually found in the form of a white powder made up of colorless crystals that are easily dissolved in water.

When you add the borax to the boiling water you can dissolve more than you could if you were adding it to cold water, this is because warmer water molecules move around faster and are more spread apart, allowing more room for the borax crystals to dissolve.

When the solution cools, the water molecules move closer together and it can't hold as much of the borax solution. Crystals begin to form on top of each other and before you know it you have your completed crystal snow flake!

Make Your Own Rainbow

What you'll need:

• A glass of water (about three quarters full)
• White paper
• A sunny day

Instructions:

1. Take the glass of water and paper to a part of the room with sunlight (near a window is good).
2. Hold the glass of water (being careful not to spill it) above the paper and watch as sunlight passes through the glass of water, refracts (bends) and forms a rainbow of colors on your sheet of paper.
3. Try holding the glass of water at different heights and angles to see if it has a different effect.

What's happening?

While you normally see a rainbow as an arc of color in the sky, they can also form in other situations. You may have seen a rainbow in a water fountain or in the mist of a waterfall and you can even make your own such as you did in this experiment.

Rainbows form in the sky when sunlight refracts (bends) as it passes through raindrops, it acts in the same way when it passes through your glass of water. The sunlight refracts, separating it into the colors red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet.

Bending Water with Static

What you'll need:

• A plastic comb (or an inflated balloon)
• A narrow stream of water from a tap
• Dry hair

Instructions:

1. Turn on the water so it is falling from the tap in a narrow stream (just a few millimetres across but not droplets).
2. Run the comb through your hair just as you normally would when brushing it (do this around 10 times). If you are using a balloon then rub it back and forth against your hair for a few seconds.
3. Slowly move the comb or balloon towards the stream of water (without touching it) while watching closely to see what happens.

What's happening?

The static electricity you built up by combing your hair or rubbing it against the balloon attracts the stream of water, bending it towards the comb or balloon like magic!

Negatively charged particles called electrons jump from your hair to the comb as they rub together, the comb now has extra electrons and is negatively charged. The water features both positive and negatively charged particles and is neutral. Positive and negative charges are attracted to each other so when you move the negatively charged comb (or balloon) towards the stream, it attracts the water's positively charged particles and the stream bends!

Make Your Own Weather Vane

What you'll need:

• An icecream container lid (or an old food container lid)
• Scissors or a craft knife (be careful and use adult help when necessary)
• A marker (felt pen)
• A skewer
• A straw
• A pin

Instructions:

1. Trace a triangle onto the icecream container lid with the marker and cut it out. Repeat the process but this time trace and cut out a rectangle.
2. Cut a slit in both ends of the straw and slide the triangle in one end and the rectangle in the other end and glue into place.
3. Push a pin through the exact middle of the straw and then into the flat end of the skewer.
4. Place it outside where you can easily see it from the inside and you’ll be able to tell which direction the wind is blowing without even having to go outside.

What's next?

Combine your wind direction results with wind speed, air pressure and rain fall for a full weather report.

Rapid Color Changing Chemistry!

Sometimes it’s hard to tell SCIENCE from MAGIC - and this little demonstration is a great example of that. In this experiment you will watch an almost clear liquid suddenly turn dark blue in a flash. It takes a bit of preparation, and probably a trip to the pharmacy for materials, but we think it’s worth it.

 IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION: This experiment should only be done with the help of an adult. Iodine will stain just about anything it touches and it can be hazardous. Hydrogen peroxide can cause eye and skin irritation - safety goggles are needed throughout the experiment. Be sure your helpful adult reads the caution labels on each container.

• 3 clear plastic cups 4 ounces or larger
• A 1000 mg Vitamin C tablet from the pharmacy (you can also use two 500mg)
• Tincture of iodine (2%) also from the pharmacy
• Hydrogen peroxide (3%) yep, also from the pharmacy
• Liquid laundry starch (see below for alternatives)
• Safety goggles
• Measuring spoons
• Measuring cup
• An adult helper

1. Put on those safety goggles and mash the 1000 mg Vitamin C tablet by placing it into a plastic bag and crushing it with a rolling pin or the back of a large spoon. Get it into as much of a fine powder as possible. Then put all the powder in the first cup and add 2 ounces (60 ml) of warm water. Stir for at least 30 seconds. (The water may be a little cloudy) Let’s call this “LIQUID A”
   
2. Now put 1 teaspoon (5 ml) of your LIQUID A into a new cup and add to it: 2 oz (60 ml) of warm water and 1 teaspoon (5 ml) of the iodine. Notice the brown iodine turned clear! Let’s call this “LIQUID B.” By the way, you’re done with LIQUID A - you can put it aside.
   
3. In the last cup, mix 2 oz of warm water, 1 Tablespoon (15 ml) of the hydrogen peroxide and 1/2 teaspoon (2.5 ml) of the liquid starch. This is, you guessed it, “LIQUID C”
   
4. Okay, that was a lot of preparation, on to the fun part. Gather the friends and family and pour all of LIQUID B into LIQUID C. Then pour them back and fourth between the 2 cups a few times. Place the cup down and observe….be patient....somewhere between a few seconds and a few minutes, the liquid will suddenly turn dark blue!

This is an example of the chemical reaction know as the IODINECLOCK REACTION. It is called a clock reaction because you can change the amount if time it takes for the liquids to turn blue. (see experiments below) The chemistry of the demonstration gets a bit complicated, but basically it is a battle of chemistry between the starch which is trying to turn the iodine blue, and the Vitamin C which is keeping it from turning blue. Eventually the Vitamin C loses and, bam! - you get instant blueness.

Note: If you do not have liquid starch, you can also use 1/2 teaspoon of corn starch or potato starch. The liquids will be more cloudy and the reaction will happen a bit more slowly, but it’s still impressive.
Clean up: Carefully pour all liquids down the drain with plenty of water and wash your hands. Recycle the cups or dispose of them in the trash.


The project above is a DEMONSTRATION. To make it a true experiment, you can try to answer these questions:

1. Does the temperature of the water affect how quickly the liquids turn blue?
2. Does the amount of Vitamin C added (Liquid A) affect how fast the liquid turns blue?
3. Does stirring the liquids more affect how fast the liquids turn blue?

Make Your Own Kaleidoscope

What you'll need:

• 3 pieces of mirrored perspex
• A roll of duct tape or masking tape
• Overhead transparency paper
• Colored see-through plastic
• A pencil

Instructions:

1. Take 3 pieces of mirrored perspex and tape them together to form a triangle shape.  Make sure it is solid and the tape is on the outside of the triangle.
2. Trace around the small triangle at the end of the kaleidoscope onto the overhead transparency paper (add another 1cm all the way around the triangle to allow for folding).
3. Place the transparency paper onto the end of the kaleidoscope and cut slits at the corners so the edges can be folded down.
4. Tape the transparency paper into place.
5. Draw another triangle, making this 2cm bigger than the last.
6. Decide what kind of colored see-through plastic you would like to put inside your kaleidoscope. Cut out small pieces that will sit on top of the transparency paper.
7. Put the colored plastic over the end of the kaleidoscope that has the transparency paper, and on top of that add the other (slightly bigger) triangle transparency paper.  Tape the second triangle down on top so that there is still just enough room for the plastic to move between the two transparencies.
8. When your kaleidoscope is finished feel free to design and decorate a cover using cardboard, felt pens, glitter, tubing or anything else you want to use.

What's happening?

The patterns inside your kaleidoscope are made by light bouncing between the mirrors on the inside. While you look through one end, light enters through the other and reflects off the mirrors. Varying colors and patterns are formed thanks to the symmetric pattern created by the well placed mirrors.

Dry Ice Fun - Cool Science Experiments

Baking Soda & Vinegar Volcano

Use baking soda and vinegar to create an awesome chemical reaction! Watch as it rapidly fizzes over the container and make sure you have got some towels ready to clean up.

What you'll need:

• Baking Soda (make sure it's not baking powder)
• Vinegar
• A container to hold everything and avoid a big mess!
• Paper towels or a cloth (just in case)

Instructions:

1. Place some of the baking soda into your container.
2. Pour in some of the vinegar
3. Watch as the reaction takes place!

What's happening?

The baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) is a base while the vinegar (acetic acid) is an acid. When they react together they form carbonic acid which is very unstable, it instantly breaks apart into water and carbon dioxide, which creates all the fizzing as it escapes the solution.

For extra effect you can make a realistic looking volcano. It takes some craft skills but it will make your vinegar and baking soda eruptions will look even more impressive!

Create Lightning

1 wool sweater
2 balloons
1 metal object

1. Make the room as dark as possible.
2. Lay the wool sweater down on a table.
3. Take the balloons ( which are to be blown up ) and rub them against the sweater.
4. Place the balloons against a metal object and watch sparks fly.

Mixing Oil and Water

What you'll need:

• Small soft drink bottle
• Water
• Food colouring
• 2 tablespoons of cooking oil
• Dish washing liquid or detergent

Instructions:

1. Add a few drops of food colouring to the water.
2. Pour about 2 tablespoons of the coloured water along with the 2 tablespoons of cooking oil into the small soft drink bottle.
3. Screw the lid on tight and shake the bottle as hard as you can.
4. Put the bottle back down and have a look, it may have seemed as though the liquids were mixing together but the oil will float back to the top.

What's happening?

While water often mixes with other liquids to form solutions, oil and water does not. Water molecules are strongly attracted to each other, this is the same for oil, because they are more attracted to their own molecules they just don't mix together. They separate and the oil floats above the water because it has a lower density.

If you really think oil and water belong together then try adding some dish washing liquid or detergent. Detergent is attracted to both water and oil helping them all join together and form something called an emulsion. This is extra handy when washing those greasy dishes, the detergent takes the oil and grime off the plates and into the water, yay!

Birth of the Solar System

 

Invisible Ink with Lemon Juice

Making invisible ink is a lot of fun, you can pretend you are a secret agent as you keep all your secret codes and messages hidden from others. All you need is some basic household objects and the hidden power of lemon juice.

What you'll need:

• Half a lemon
• Water
• Spoon
• Bowl
• Cotton bud
• White paper
• Lamp or other light bulb

Instructions:

1. Squeeze some lemon juice into the bowl and add a few drops of water.
2. Mix the water and lemon juice with the spoon.
3. Dip the cotton bud into the mixture and write a message onto the white paper.
4. Wait for the juice to dry so it becomes completely invisible.
5. When you are ready to read your secret message or show it to someone else, heat the paper by holding it close to a light bulb.

What's happening?

Lemon juice is an organic substance that oxidizes and turns brown when heated. Diluting the lemon juice in water makes it very hard to notice when you apply it the paper, no one will be aware of its presence until it is heated and the secret message is revealed. Other substances which work in the same way include orange juice, honey, milk, onion juice, vinegar and wine. Invisible ink can also be made using chemical reactions or by viewing certain liquids under ultraviolet (UV) light.

Meteoroid Facts for Kids

• A meteoroid is a small rock or particle of debris in our solar system. They range in size from dust to around 10 metres in diameter (larger objects are usually referred to as asteroids).
• A meteoroid that burns up as it passes through the Earth’s atmosphere is known as a meteor. If you’ve ever looked up at the sky at night and seen a streak of light or ‘shooting star’ what you are actually seeing is a meteor.
• A meteoroid that survives falling through the Earth’s atmosphere and colliding with the Earth’s surface is known as a meteorite.
• The fastest meteoroids travel through the solar system at a speed of around 42 kilometres per second (26 miles per second).
• The Earth’s atmosphere experiences millions of meteors every day.
• Meteors are easier to see during the lower light conditions of night.
• A small percentage of meteoroids fly on a path that goes into the Earth’s atmosphere and then back out again, they are known as Earth grazing fireballs.
• When many meteors occur in a close time frame in the same part of the sky it is called a meteor shower.
• Around 500 meteorites reach the Earth’s surface every year but of those only around 5 ever make it to scientists for study.
• Meteorites that are observed as they fall through the Earth’s atmosphere and later recovered are called ‘falls’, all others are called ‘finds’. To this date there have been around 1000 collected ‘falls’ and 40000 ‘finds’.
• Unsure why a meteoroid is different to meteor, comet or asteroid? Learn the difference between a comet, asteroid, meteoroid, meteor & meteorite.

Dwarf Planet Facts

What are dwarf planets? Why is Pluto no longer a planet?

Learn the answer to these questions and more with our fun dwarf planets facts for kids.

• In 2006 the International Astronomical Union adopted the term ‘dwarf planet’ forsolar system objects that were bigger than small solar system bodies such ascomets and asteroids but not quite planets.
• The definition of a dwarf planet is an object orbiting the Sun that is large enough to be rounded by its own gravity but is not gravitationally dominant in its orbital area and is not a moon.
• As of 2008, there are five recognized dwarf planets: Pluto, Ceres, Eris, Makemake & Haumea.
• There are a number of other candidates for the status of dwarf planet. Some of these classifications could be resolved as NASA’s Dawn and Horizon missions venture towards Pluto in the coming years.

Pluto

• Pluto hit the headlines in 2006 when it was demoted from a planet to a dwarf planet by the International Astronomical Union. While most astronomers agreed with the new classifications, some disagreed and still refer to Pluto as the ninth planet.

Ceres

• Ceres is located in the asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. It was discovered in 1801, well before Pluto and 45 years before Neptune. Ceres was considered a planet for around 50 years before being reclassified as an asteroid and once again in 2006 as a dwarf planet.

Eris

• Eris was discovered in 2005 and was referred to as the tenth planet until it was reclassified in 2006. It is the largest of the dwarf planets.

Makemake

• Makemake was discovered in 2005 and the third largest dwarf planet behind Eris and Pluto.

Haumea

• Haumea was discovered in 2004 and named a dwarf planet in 2008.

Sun Facts for Kids

• The Sun is a star found at the center of the Solar System.
• It makes up around 99.86% of the Solar System’s mass.
• At around 1,392,000 kilometres (865,000 miles) wide, the Sun’s diameter is about 110 times wider than Earth’s.
• Around 74% of the Sun’s mass is made up of hydrogen. Helium makes up around 24% while heavier elements such as oxygen, carbon, iron and neon make up the remaining percentage.
• Light from the Sun reaches Earth in around 8 minutes.
• The Sun’s surface temperature is around 5500 degrees Celsius (9941 degrees Fahrenheit), so pack plenty of sunscreen if you plan on visiting (remembering that the average distance from the Sun to the Earth is around 150 million kilometers).
• The Sun’s core is around 13600000 degrees Celsius!
• The Sun generates huge amounts of energy by combining hydrogen nuclei into helium. This process is called nuclear fusion.
• Because of the Sun’s huge influence on Earth, many early cultures saw the Sun as a deity or god. For example, Ancient Egyptians had a sun god called Ra while in Aztec mythology there is a sun god named Tonatiuh.
• The Sun produces a solar wind which contains charged particles such as electrons and protons. They escape the Sun’s intense gravity because of their high kinetic energy and the high temperature of the Sun’s corona (a type of plasma atmosphere that extends into space).
• Planets with strong magnetic fields such as Earth manage to deflect most of these charged particles as they approach.
• A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon is between the Sun and the Earth.

Moon Facts for Kids

• The Moon is the Earth’s only natural satellite. A natural satellite is a space body that orbits a planet, a planet like object or an asteroid.
• It is the fifth largest moon in the Solar System. Learn more about the othermoons in the Solar System.
• The average distance from the Moon to the Earth is 384403 kilometres (238857 miles).
• The Moon orbits the Earth every 27.3 days.
• Mons Huygens is the tallest mountain on the Moon, it is 4700 metres tall, just over half the height of Mt Everest (8848m).
• The Moon rotates on its axis in around the same length of time it takes to orbit the Earth. This means that from Earth we only ever see around 60% of its surface (50% at any one time).
• The side that we can see from Earth is called the near side while the other side is called the far side (it is sometimes called the dark side despite the fact that it illuminated by the Sun just as much as the near side).
• The effect of gravity is only about one fifth (17%) as strong on the surface of the Moon compared to the strength of gravity on the surface of the Earth.
• The Soviet Union’s Luna program featured the first successful landing of an unmanned spacecraft on the surface of the Moon in 1966.
• The USA’s NASA Apollo 11 mission in 1969 was the first manned Moon landing.
• The first person to set foot on the Moon was Neil Armstrong.
• The far side of the Moon looks quite different due to its lack of maria (ancient pools of solidified lava).
• The surface of the Moon features a huge number of impact craters from cometsand asteroids that have collided with the surface over time. Because the Moon lacks an atmosphere or weather these craters remain well preserved.
• Although research is continuing, most scientists agree that the Moon features small amounts of water.
• The Moon is very hot during the day but very cold at night. The average surface temperature of the Moon is 107 degrees Celsius during the day and -153 degrees Celsius at night.
• The Earth’s tides are largely caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon.
• The phases of the Moon are: New Moon, Crescent, First Quarter, Waxing Gibbous, Full Moon, Waning Gibbous, Last Quarter, Crescent, New Moon….
• A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth is between the Sun and the Moon.

Asteroid Facts for Kids

• Asteroids are small Solar System bodies that orbit the Sun. Made of rock and metal, they can also contain organic compounds (some scientists suggest that asteroids could have brought they necessary chemicals to start life on Earth).
• Asteroids are similar to comets but do not have a visible coma (fuzzy outline and tail) like comets do.
• Asteroids are also known as planetoids or minor planets.
• Asteroids vary greatly in size, some feature diameters as small as ten metres while others stretch out over hundreds of kilometres. Note that objects under ten metres in diameter are generally regarded as meteoroids.
• The first asteroid was discovered in 1801 by Italian astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi. Named Ceres, it features a diameter of around 950 kilometres and is now regarded as a dwarf planet. Ceres was given dwarf planet status in 2006, along with Pluto, Eris, Makemake and Haumea.
• The asteroid belt lies roughly between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter in the Solar System. It is home to a large amount of irregular shaped asteroids that range in size from dust through to the dwarf planet Ceres.
• The technology used for discovering asteroids has improved dramatically since original discoveries and astronomers now have access to a range of powerful telescopes to aid in their research and discoveries.
• It is believed by many scientists and researchers that an asteroid impact was the cause behind the extinction of the dinosaurs around 65 million years ago.
• The possibility of an asteroid colliding with Earth has received increased attention over recent years. The Shoemaker-Levy comet that collided with Jupiter in 1994 were given widespread media coverage and Hollywood also played its part with moves such as Deep Impact (1998) and Armageddon (1998). While these movies sometimes featured dubious science they certainly increased public awareness of the topic.
• There are now many groups and organizations that use automated systems to discover near Earth asteroids. While many are discovered, they rarely have the potential to cross paths with Earth.
• There have been many ideas suggested as ways to avoid the unlikely but potentially devastating impact of an asteroid collision with Earth, these include using nuclear explosions to break the asteroid into smaller pieces or other weapons to deflect it off course.

Comet Facts for Kids

• A comet is a relatively small solar system body that orbits the Sun. When close enough to the Sun they display a visible coma (a fuzzy outline or atmosphere due to solar radiation) and sometimes a tail.
• The coma is created as the comet gets closer to the Sun, causing water, carbon dioxide and other compounds to sublime (quickly changing from solid to gas) from its surface.
• Comets are made of ice, dust and small rocky particles.
• The name comet comes from the Greek word meaning ‘hair of the head’, it came from the Greek philosopher Aristotle who observed comets as ‘stars with hair’.
• Short term comets (also known as periodic comets) have orbital periods of less than 200 years while long term comets have orbital periods of over 200 years.

Halley's Comet

• Halley’s Comet (or Comet Halley as it is also known) is the most well known comet.
• It is known as a periodic comet (or short term comet) because the time it takes to orbit the Sun is less than 200 years.
• Records of humans observing Halley’s Comet go back thousands of years, with appearances noted by Babylonian, Chinese and European star gazers.
• It can be seen with the naked eye from Earth every 75 to 76 years (although the time period has between 74 and 79 years in the past).
• It last appeared in the inner Solar System in 1986 and will return again sometime in 2061 (start charging your camera battery).
• Halley’s Comet is named after English astronomer Edmond Halley who first determined its period of orbit. It was the first comet to be recognized as having a periodic orbit.
• Halley’s Comet appearance in 1986 allowed researchers to investigate its make up more closely using spacecraft. While some previous theories were proven correct, other models were altered with the new information. For example, while earlier models predicted the comet to feature many volatile ices, the actual amount was less than first expected.
• The tail and fuzzy glow you see around Halley’s Comet is known as a coma. It occurs when the comet gets close to the Sun and compounds such as frozen water and carbon dioxide sublime (rapidly change from solid to gas) from its surface.
• While the coma over Halley’s Comet can stretch up to 100,000 km across, the nucleus is actually small, only around 15km (9.3 miles) long, 8km (5 miles) wide and 8km (5 miles) thick.

Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9

• In July 1994, the Shoemaker-Levy 9 comet broke apart and collided with Jupiter. This event gave astronomers a unique opportunity to observe what happens when such a collision occurs.
• The largest fragments were 2 km (1.2 mi) in diameter and struck Jupiter at a speed of around 60 km/s (37 mi/s). The impact scars were clearly visible for months after the impact.
• Shoemaker-Levy 9 was originally located by astronomers Eugene M. and Carolyn Shoemaker and David Levy in March 1993.

Pluto Facts for Kids

                                                  

• Pluto was the smallest and furtherest planet from the Sun in our solar system, now it is not even officially recognized as a planet!
• In 2006 Pluto was demoted to the status of dwarf planet.

• Because it is so far away from the sun it is very cold with temperatures ranging form -235 Degrees Celsius to -210 Degrees Celsius.

• Pluto consists of rock with a very thick coating of ice.

• The atmosphere of Pluto consists of nitrogen with some carbon monoxide and methane.